This petrofabric is typical to pottery made on the southern Phoenician coast from the Neolithic period through Roman times (and later), and is attested in the pottery produced at Sidon, Sarepta (Bettles 2003), and Tyre. Based on a comparison with kiln wasters from Sarepta, Bettles identified this petro-fabric as the dominant one for late Iron Age and Persian-period Phoenician transport jars (Bettles, 2003a; Bettles, 2003b).
Neogene marls are known in the vicinity of Tyre, in the harbor bed of Beirut, and also known from the Lebanese Bekaʻa valley (Marriner, Morhange, Borschneck, & Flaux, 2012; Marriner, Morhange, & Saghieh-Beydoun, 2008; Ownby, 2012). However the coastal quartz, shell fragments and coralline alga...
In the Iron Age: The clay is consolidated carbonatic with iron ooids, yellowish to tan in PPL. The matrix is very rich in microfossils, including planktonic foraminifera such as globigerina. In some cases the foraminifera are filled or surrounded with iron-rich minerals. The petro-fabric also includes benthonic foraminifera such as brizalina, and coralline algae such as amphiroa and bryozoan (Nolet & Corliss, 1990; Clark & Boudagher-Fadel, 2001). The inclusions consist of sub-angular to angular coastal quartz (5–15% 50–150µm), limestone (~5%, up to 200µm) and chert in different levels of erosion. The smooth nature and light-yellow color of this clay enabled the production of light, fine-looking vessels that are exceptional among Iron Age ceramics in the Levant.
Size of the inclusions and relative amounts differ in different periods.
The marls are yellowish in color and rich in microfossils and chert fragments that were deposited in marine environments. In Lebanon, a number of successions that are characterized by accumulated marine deposits have been subjected to some microfacies investigations (Basson & Edgell, 1971; Griffiths & Ownby, 2013; Nader, Abdel-Rahman, & Haidar, 2006; Walley, 1998) <ahref="file: e:\users\pwaiman_2\downloads\in%20search%20of%20phoenicians-%20paula%20petrography-16.12.2015%20cleaned.docx#_msocom_1"="">[O1]. </ahref="file:>This particular marl is commonly identified as originating on the southern Lebanese coast (Aznar, 2005; Gilboa & Goren, 2015; Griffiths, 2003; Griffiths, 2004; Miguel Gascón & Buxeda i Garrigós, 2013; Ownby, 2010).
This petrofabric is typical to pottery made on the southern Phoenician coast from the Neolithic period through Roman times (and later), and is attested in the pottery produced at Sidon, Sarepta (Bettles 2003), and Tyre. Based on a comparison with kiln wasters from Sarepta, Bettles identified this petro-fabric as the dominant one for late Iron Age and Persian-period Phoenician transport jars (Bettles, 2003a; Bettles, 2003b).
Neogene marls are known in the vicinity of Tyre, in ...
c. 500 BCE - 1st c. BCE
Achaemenid Persian, Iron Age III/Achaemenid Persian, Hellenistic, Hellenistic, Early Roman, Early Roman
9th-6th c. BCE
Iron Age IIB, Iron Age IIB, Iron Age IIB, Iron Age IIC, Iron Age IIC, Iron Age IIC
'Akko, Harbor (Israel/Northern Coastal Plain)
Achziv (Israel/Northern Coastal Plain)
Gamla (Israel/Golan)
Khirbet el-'Eika (Israel/Galilee)
Khirbet esh-Shuhara (Israel/Galilee)
Kokhim Cave (Israel/Galilee)
Mizpe Yammim (Israel/Galilee)
Qedesh/Kedesh (Israel/Galilee)
Tel Dan (Israel/Hula Valley)
Tel Zeror (Israel/Central Coastal Plain)
Tell Keisan (Israel/Northern Coastal Plain)
