1. Debora Sandhaus. "The Typology of the Pottery from the Hellenistic, Roman and Later Periods " in The Excavations of Khirbet er-Rasm, Israel. The changing faces of the countryside , ed(s). Avraham Faust and Adi Erlich. BAR International Series 2187 Oxford: Archeopress, 2011, 105-134 , Figure 2.7:7, Page 124-126.
2. Anat Cohen-Weinberger.. " Petrographic Results" in The Excavations of Khirbet " in in The Excavations of Khirbet er-Rasm, Israel. The changing faces of the countryside , ed(s). ed(s). Avraham Faust and Adi Erlich. Oxford: BAR International Series 2187 2011, 131-134 , Table 2.12, Page 147.

UNGUENTARIA, R-UN1

Fusiform unguentaria are spindle-shaped bottles whose use was related to the perfume or unguent industry. These bottles are known from domestic, public and burial contexts They were produced in many wares, and according to their distribution throughout the Mediterranean, there seem to have been many manufacturing centers. . Apparently, fusiform unguentaria with a tall foot first appear by the late fourth and early third centuries BCE in Greece. During the second century BCE the most common type was the elongated bottle with a long stem and a disc or string-cut base (R-UNI and R-UN2). Different variations coexist in the same assemblages, the heavy type together with the finer one, coarse and fine ware, painted, slipped and plain. A change is evident during the first century BCE, when the unguentaria tend to be more elongated and thinner than the earlier ones (see at Jericho, type J-UN 1, Bar-Nathan 2002:57-58, pI. 10:93-102).

Description: Fusiform unguentarium with oval body shape. It stands on an elongated stem, ending in a string-cut or disc base. The tall neck ends in an out-folded thickened or triangular rim. It is made in a variety of fabric colors from pink to light red . Some were made in a coarse ware including gray grits and some are . It is remarkably heavy; sometimes, on the upper body and lower neck, red-painted bands decorate the vessels.

Occurrence: Maresha, complexes 21 and 70, third-second centuries BCE (Levine 2003: 114-115, fig. 6.14: 148-149); typical of second century BCE contexts (Levine 1999: fig. 19:175-178). Tel Dor, second century BCE phases, most common in second half of second century BCE (Guz-Zilberstein 1995:305, fig. 6.26:23-31, type UG2c). Tirat Yehuda, second century BCE (Yeivin and Edelstein 1970: fig. 7: 17). Jerusalem, Jewish Quarter, second century BCE contexts (Geva 2003:131, pI. 5.2:46, type FU2). Tel Iztaba, 107 BCE (Sandhaus forthcoming, type BS-NY. UN4). Pella, west cut, 150--85 BCE (McNicoll, Smith and Hennessy 1982: 140, pI. 130. 11).

Comment: For petrofabricy, Israel/Shephelah, Negev/loess/calcareous clay-calcareous sand was chosen, wich it is very similar to Negev coastal loess. The Negev coastal loess is often referred to as a coastal "loess" though this petrofabric can also be derived from coastal sediments. Goren et al 2004: Loess with coastal Sand; Cohen-Weinberger 2007: Type K: loess with additional quartz calcareous sand; Ben-Shlomo 2006: Type B1: Coastal Loess; Master 2003: Coastal Loess

Debora Sandhaus.2011.The Pottery from Khirbet er-Rasm: The Typology of the Pottery from the Hellenistic, Roman and Later Periods.pp:124-126

Courtesy of Prof. Avraham Faust and Prof. Adi Erlich/Kh. er-Rasm Expedition

Acknowledgments to Prof. Andrea Berlin and Dr. Deborah Sandhaus for their help.