This is a subgroup of Fabric 1 (Badreshany et al 2019), which consists of a clay-rich matrix with a fine texture. The groundmass is mostly well sintered, sometimes vitrified, and optically inactive. Elongate channel voids occur. Fabric 1 contains fine-grained moderate to coarse sand-sized shales (ARFs): 10–25% occurrence. They were, most commonly, highly rounded and elongate, often containing silt to fine sand-sized quartz grains and sometimes carbonates and Fe-Ti oxide phases. They are, most commonly, Fe rich, but contain variable amounts of Fe. Fabric 1 is divided into six sub-fabrics depending on frequency and grain size of a combination of quartz and calcareous rocks. This sub-fabric is 1D, which is characterized by the presence of frequent silty to fine sand-sized, sub-angular quartz grains (15–20%); infrequent medium sand-sized limestone also occurs (<1%). The shale fragments of this group often contain quartz similar in composition and concentration to the matrix with its distinctive quartz profile, might be linked to a particular location, although the present political situation makes geo-prospection in some of the areas where these shales outcrop difficult