Israel/Carmel mountains/calcareous/chalk-tuff-late Cretaceous basalt
Israel/Carmel Mountains
—
—
Village site on the located on the slopes of the Carmel Mountain oversight some of the major ancient roads such as Wadi Milkh that pass and the ancient route between the Carmel coast and the Jezreel Valley.
The soil characteristic of the Carmel Mountain is terra Rossa and brown rendrzinas. Terra Rossa is a red-brown soil that has developed on limestone or dolomite. In Israel in antiquity, red-brown terra rossa was extensively used for pottery manufactured in
other highlands as well such as Israel's central highlands and in Galilee.
Rendzina soil collected from primary deposits or washed down as alluvial or colloquial soils is also well known in archaeological ceramics. These soils are usually mixed marls, chalks and clay of the Bina and Adulam formations . Upper cretaceous volcanic units that include basalts and tuffs are also found in nearby outcrops and are well-documented.
The clay of this family is carbonatic with some foraminifera that are often silicified, andabout 5% silty quartz. The non-plastic components of this family (10% of the paste) are mainly coarse chalk (3–4 mm),basalt, and chert. The basalt fragments appear in various degrees of weathering.Some of them are vesicular basalts having an opaque appearance and inclusions of chlorite. The silty quartz points to an eolian material. The foraminiferous carbonatic clay and the chalk fragments suggest a provenance rich with rendzina soil. The chalk fragments are probably remnants of the source material. In some samples the carbonate of the clay decomposed due to a high firing temperature. Some vessels of this fabric are made of noncarbonatic clay suggests that the rendzina soil source was highly weathered. The silicified foraminiferas indicate an Eocene chalk source. Eocene formations are exposed in Ramat Menashe, and in some parts of this area rendzina soils were developed. The appearance of basalt fragments suggests an area of contact between the exposed basalt and rendzina soils.
Basalt is exposed in the eastern part of Ramat Mena-she, in the Iron and South Carmel ridges, and in the Jezreel Valley
Village site on the located on the slopes of the Carmel Mountain oversight some of the major ancient roads such as Wadi Milkh that pass and the ancient route between the Carmel coast and the Jezreel Valley.
The soil characteristic of the Carmel Mountain is terra Rossa and brown rendrzinas. Terra Rossa is a red-brown soil that has developed on limestone or dolomite. In Israel in antiquity, red-brown terra rossa was extensively used for pottery manufactured in
other highlands as well such as Israel's central highlands and in Galilee.
Rendzina soil collected from primary deposits or washed down as alluvial or colloquial soils is also well known in archaeological ceramics. These soils are usually mixed marls, chalks and clay of the Bina and Adulam formations . Upper cretaceous volcanic units that include basalts and tuffs are also found in nearby outcrops and are well-documented.
3200-c. 550 BCE
Early Bronze Age, Middle Bronze Age, Late Bronze Age, Iron Age
'Ein Hagit (Israel/Carmel Mountains)
Ramat HaNadiv, Horvat 'Eleq (Israel/Carmel Mountains)
