My interests centre on the Arab and Islamic world in the east Mediterranean primarily during the first millennium CE. In my research I apply archaeological methods and theory to achieve informed and progressive insights into the origins and development of the first Islamic societies. This involves a rigorous interrogation and authentication of archival and contemporary datasets based on the active theories of post-colonialism, socioeconomics, resilience, and transformation. The comprehensive and data-rich outcomes serve as powerful tools with which to challenge faded and deceptive historical narratives that have blighted a deeper understanding of the earlier Islamic world.‎